نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 83-84 (دی 1401)

Since the advent of cyber technology until today, this field has made many advances and has affected various fields, so that its absence is problematic in the process of human life, and on the other hand, it can act as a threatening tool. Today, the development of cyber technology has caused new concerns about the national security of countries. Several actors use this technology for various purposes, especially cyber attacks. In this article, an attempt is made to introduce important government players in the cyber arena, and to discuss their influence on the process of changing the strategies of the United States of America and the country's response to maintain its security in the face of such threats and developments. The purpose of this article is to examine the actions of China, Russia, Iran and North Korea as competitors of the United States and active countries in the cyber space in order to understand the process of changes in the strategy of the United States of America and how it reacts as the most advanced cyber player. Therefore, we are looking for an answer to the question of what influence these government actors active in cyberspace have had on the process of changing the country's strategy against cyberspace threats. Therefore, the findings indicate that the increase in the effectiveness of cyber technologies on national security, the emergence of government actors and the growth of their cyber movements have influenced the abandonment of the defensive approach and the adoption of an aggressive approach against cyber threats. The following article is written based on the national security framework and in an explanatory way using library resources.

Russia's presence in Syria and its alliance with countries opposed to the West, especially Iran, as well as the effective economic and military relationship with Israel and Turkey as two allies of the West in the region, have increased the level of this country's acting ability in the Middle East. On the other hand, the nuclear potential and powerful military force of this country is itself a factor in the presence of Russia in this region. Therefore, the future position of this country in the regional order of the Middle East is very important. The purpose of the upcoming article is to examine Russia's position in the future of the Middle East regional order. The research method used is the descriptive-analytical method using Peter Schwartz's future research approach. The question of the current article is: What are the possible scenarios related to the future of Russia's position in the Middle East regional order based on Peter Schwartz's future research method? The results show that four scenarios: 1- maintaining the balance of power system in the Middle East through balancing between Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Israel with a multipolar approach, 2- forming a bipolar system with Iran as a pole of power in front of The US-Saudi pole, 3- The decline of Russia's position in the Middle East regional order and its role in international institutions, including the United Nations Security Council, and finally, 4- The possibility of removing Russia from the equations related to the regional order in the Middle East is likely. It seems that the first scenario is the most likely scenario in which Russia will try to balance the existing powers in the region alongside America.

Every revolution has more or less regional and international effects and presents a message to create its strategic depth. The Iranian revolution also has this characteristic and is considered as one of the important events in the 20th century as a revival of Islamic thought and political Islam. The purpose of writing this article is to find the cause of the limited reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan based on the diffusion theory and using the descriptive-analytical method and the library method to collect information. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to answer this question by applying Hagerstrand's diffusion theory, why the reflection of the Islamic Revolution of Iran was limited in the Islamic country of Pakistan? The proposed hypothesis is that the reason for the problems, such as the existence of different views on the issue of the revolution and the empowerment of the military in the source and destination of the broadcast, i.e. Iran and Pakistan, has prevented the spread of the thoughts and ideas of the revolution. The findings of this article is that due to the problems that existed in the beginning of the Islamic revolution in the two countries, the Islamic Republic has gradually abandoned the policy of exporting the revolution to Pakistan and has moved towards expanding economic relations with this country.

As a newly established government in the Middle East, Israel looks at other governments from a security point of view. This government considers the most important threat against itself in the Middle East to be from the Islamic Republic of Iran and is in conflict with Iran in terms of national interests. Therefore, for this government, in order to maximize security interests, resorting to any action against the enemy becomes legitimate. Considering that Iran and Israel have the same level of potential, in this article we are trying to examine Israel's behavior towards the Islamic Republic of Iran by using the theory of neorealism. Of course, since the two security approaches of neorealism are offensive and defensive realism, the main question is that Israel's behavior towards the Islamic Republic of Iran can be explained in the form of which neorealism approach? In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the mentioned approaches of neorealism consider security and relative power as the criteria for the action of governments and consider the most important goals of Israel against Iran to be stabilization and increase of security and relative power in different dimensions by this government, which is the result This kind of behavior is for Iran to be in the game of "security and power". The findings show that offensive realism has more instrumental capacity and expansion compared to defensive realism, therefore it is a more appropriate theory in explaining the behavior of states like Israel.

The right to life and citizenship as one of the most basic human rights and statelessness or not having an effective and legal citizenship is an acute and big problem. The right to life, as the most basic human right, cannot be taken away by other groups or individuals, and genocide, as an internationally known crime, is one of the shocking international crimes because it violates the most basic human right, the right to life. Article (15) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stipulates that all people have the right to citizenship and no one will be arbitrarily deprived of their citizenship. Regulations developed in order to avoid or reduce statelessness are included in several international human rights treaties, including the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Conventions on the Rights of the Child, citizenship of married women, reducing statelessness, the status of stateless persons, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the mentioned covenant also emphasized that governments should observe the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of Genocide and deviation from it is not allowed. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The findings show that Rohingya Muslims are facing multi-dimensional problems, which are sometimes the cause and effect of each other. Statelessness, discrimination and harassment, illegal immigrants and genocide are among the human rights violations that Rohingya Muslims have faced due to the lack of citizenship protection from the government. Muslims of Myanmar are among the ethnic and religious minorities who are deprived due to discrimination in citizenship laws.

One of the activities of banks today is providing facilities to customers. It has a special place among mudarabah granting facilities, which due to its commercial importance; It provides most of the needs of traders. Granting of facilities in this format was used since 1361 with the change of banking regulations in line with the goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Islamize banks. One of the basic features of this contract is the distribution of the parties in the profit and loss resulting from the commercial activity, and in addition, the jurists consider the mudarabah contract with cash and only if the operation performed by the agent is a commercial operation, which is the condition in articles (36) and (37) Chapter 3 of the Law on Interest-Free Banking Operations and Article (9) of the Law on Interest-Free Banking Operations have also been proposed. The following article seeks to provide a clear picture of the state of fixed interest in this contract with a descriptive-analytical method, in addition to analyzing the opinion of jurists regarding the nature and manner of concluding this contract, emphasizing the practical procedure of banks and its economic analysis. The findings show that according to the philosophy of Mudarabah establishment and the use of existing generalities, the type of operations that the agent performs to earn profit can be extended to all types of legitimate and legal activities, and in practice, banks in banking mudarabah seek to receive a certain amount of profit regardless of the results. are real from commercial activity.